Element substrate and method of manufacturing the same

ABSTRACT

A method of manufacturing an element substrate including: forming a release layer on a first support substrate; forming a metal layer having a predetermined pattern on the release layer; disposing a second support substrate on the first support substrate so that the metal layer is interposed between the first and second support substrates; pouring a resin material in a fluid state between the first and second support substrates; curing the resin material to form a resin substrate; and removing the metal layer from the first support substrate by decomposing the release layer to transfer the metal layer to the resin substrate.

Japanese Patent Application No. 2006-271807, filed on Oct. 3, 2006, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an element substrate and a method of manufacturing the same.

Metal wires and the like are formed on a substrate using a subtractive method, for example. In the subtractive method, a metal layer is formed over the whole surface of a substrate, and a photoresist is applied to the metal layer and patterned. The metal layer is then etched using the photoresist as a mask. Such a method has a problem in which resources and materials are wasted due to removal of the photoresist and partial removal of the metal layer. Further, it is difficult to accurately form a metal layer with a submicrometer fine pattern.

SUMMARY

According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided an element substrate comprising:

a resin substrate having a hole in a top surface; and

a metal layer formed in the hole;

the hole having a width of 40 nanometers to 1 micrometer and a depth of 20 nanometers to 120 nanometers.

According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing an element substrate comprising:

(a) forming a release layer on a first support substrate;

(b) forming a metal layer having a predetermined pattern on the release layer;

(c) disposing a second support substrate on the first support substrate so that the metal layer is interposed between the first and second support substrates;

(d) pouring a resin material in a fluid state between the first and second support substrates;

(e) curing the resin material to form a resin substrate; and

(f) removing the metal layer from the first support substrate by decomposing the release layer to transfer the metal layer to the resin substrate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a method of manufacturing an element substrate according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a method of manufacturing an element substrate according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a method of manufacturing an element substrate according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a method of manufacturing an element substrate according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a method of manufacturing an element substrate according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a method of manufacturing an element substrate according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a method of manufacturing an element substrate according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a method of manufacturing an element substrate according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a method of manufacturing an element substrate according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a method of manufacturing an element substrate according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a method of manufacturing an element substrate according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a method of manufacturing an element substrate according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a method of manufacturing an element substrate according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 14 is a diagram showing a method of manufacturing an element substrate according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 15 is a diagram showing a method of manufacturing an element substrate according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 16 is a diagram showing a method of manufacturing an element substrate according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional diagram showing an element substrate according to one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 18 shows an example of an electronic device to which an element substrate according to one embodiment of the invention is applied.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENT

The invention may provide an element substrate in which a metal layer with a fine pattern is formed with high accuracy, and a method of manufacturing the same.

According to one embodiment of the invention, there is provided an element substrate comprising:

a resin substrate having a hole in a top surface; and

a metal layer formed in the hole;

the hole having a width of 40 nanometers to 1 micrometer and a depth of 20 nanometers to 120 nanometers.

In this invention, when a component B is formed on a specific component A, the component B may be directly formed on the component A, or another component may be interposed between the component B and the component A.

In this element substrate, a recess may be formed in a top surface of the metal layer.

The element substrate exhibits resistant to scratches by forming the dents. Moreover, since the surface area is increased as compared with the case where the top surface is flat, the heat sink effect can be increased.

In the above element substrate, the metal layer may also be formed outside the hole, and the metal layer formed in the hole may have a thickness greater than that of the metal layer formed outside the hole.

In the above element substrate, the metal layer may be formed only in the holes.

According to one embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing an element substrate comprising:

(a) forming a release layer on a first support substrate;

(b) forming a metal layer having a predetermined pattern on the release layer;

(c) disposing a second support substrate on the first support substrate so that the metal layer is interposed between the first and second support substrates;

(d) pouring a resin material in a fluid state between the first and second support substrates;

(e) curing the resin material to form a resin substrate; and

(f) removing the metal layer from the first support substrate by decomposing the release layer to transfer the metal layer to the resin substrate.

This method of manufacturing an element substrate may further comprise:

polishing a surface of the resin substrate to which the metal layer is transferred after the step (f).

In this method of manufacturing an element substrate, the metal layer may be formed by electroless plating in the step (b).

In this method of manufacturing an element substrate,

the first support substrate may be immersed in a surfactant solution in the step (a) to form a surfactant layer as the release layer; and

the step (b) may include:

forming a catalyst layer on the release layer by immersing the first support substrate in a catalyst solution; and

depositing a metal layer on the catalyst layer by immersing the first support substrate in an electroless plating solution.

This method of manufacturing an element substrate may further comprise:

(g) forming a resin section having the same predetermined pattern as the metal layer has on the first support substrate before the step (a);

wherein the release layer may be formed on the resin section in the step (a).

In this method of manufacturing an element substrate,

the step (g) may include:

applying a resin material in a fluid state to the first support substrate;

pressing a nanostamper having a predetermined recessed pattern against the first support substrate to transfer the predetermined recessed pattern to the resin material; and

curing the resin material.

In this method of manufacturing an element substrate,

an upper portion of the cured resin material and a portion of the cured resin material not having the transferred predetermined pattern may be removed by ashing between the steps (g) and (a).

In this method of manufacturing an element substrate,

the resin section may include a photoresist; and

the resin section may be formed by an interference exposure method in the step (g).

This method of manufacturing an element substrate may further comprise:

removing part of the resin section by immersing the first support substrate in an alkaline solution.

Some embodiments of the invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.

1. Element Substrate and Method of Manufacturing the Same

FIGS. 1 to 15 are views showing a method of manufacturing a second element substrate 300 (see FIG. 17). In this embodiment, the element substrate is manufactured by electroless plating.

(1) A first support substrate 10 is provided. The first support substrate 10 preferably has a flat surface. The height of the unevenness on the surface of the first support substrate 10 is desirably less than 10 nanometers, for example.

A resin section 22 c having a predetermined pattern is formed on the first support substrate 10. As the method of forming the resin section 22 c, a known method such as an interference exposure method or a nanoimprint technology may be used. This embodiment illustrates the case of forming the resin section 22 c using the nanoimprint technology.

As shown in FIG. 1, a resin material 22 a in a fluid state is applied to the first support substrate 10. A thermosetting resin, a thermoplastic resin, a photocurable resin, or the like may be used as the resin material 22 a. As the application method, a known method such as a spin coating method may be used.

A nanostamper 12 is pressed in the direction of the first support substrate 10 (the arrow direction of FIG. 2) to transfer a predetermined pattern to the resin material. The predetermined pattern may be a periodic pattern in which lines are arranged at uniform intervals. In the case where the resin material 22 a is a photocurable resin, an optically transparent nanostamper 12 may be used.

After curing a resin section 22 b, the nanostamper 12 is removed from the resin section 22 b (see FIG. 3). The resin section 22 b having the predetermined pattern is thus formed, as shown in FIG. 4.

A step (2) described later may be performed using the resin section 22 b, or the resin section 22 b in the region other than the predetermined pattern may be partially removed by etching back or the like. In the case where the resin section 22 b is a photoresist, the resin section 22 b may be partially removed by ashing. In this case, the upper portion of the resin section 22 b in the region of the predetermined pattern is removed together with part of the resin section 22 b provided in the region other than of the predetermined pattern. The resin section 22 c is formed by the above removing step.

The resin section 22 c is formed using the nanoimprint technology in a manner described above. As already mentioned, the interference exposure method may be used for forming the resin section 22 c. When the interference exposure method is used, it is preferable that the resin material 22 a be a photoresist and an antireflective film be provided on the first support substrate 10.

(2) The surfaces of the first support substrate 10 and the resin section 22 c are washed. The surfaces of the first support substrate 10 and the resin section 22 c may be dry-washed or wet-washed. Of these, dry washing is preferable. Dry washing prevents the resin section 22 c from being damaged (e.g. separated).

As shown in FIG. 6, dry washing may be performed by irradiating the first support substrate 10 and the resin section 22 c with vacuum ultraviolet rays 20 for 30 to 900 seconds in a nitrogen atmosphere using a vacuum ultraviolet lamp 18 (wavelength: 172 nanometers, output: 10 milliwatts, distance from the sample: 1 millimeter). By washing the substrate 10, soil such as oils and fats adhering to the surface of the substrate 10 can be removed. In addition, the water-repellent surfaces of the first support substrate 10 and the resin section 22 c can be made hydrophilic. When the surface potential in liquid of the first support substrate 10 is negative, a uniform negative potential surface can be formed by washing the first support substrate 10.

The surfaces of the first support substrate 10 and the resin section 22 c may be wet-washed by immersing the first support substrate 10 in ozone water (ozone concentration: 10 ppm to 20 ppm) at room temperature for about 5 to 30 minutes, for example.

(3) A release layer 24 including a surfactant or a silane coupling agent is formed on the resin section 22 c.

As shown in FIG. 7, the first support substrate 10 is immersed in a catalyst adsorption solution 14 in which a surfactant or a silane coupling agent is dissolved. When the surface potential in liquid of the first support substrate 10 is negative, it is preferable to use a cationic surfactant. This is because the cationic surfactant is easily adsorbed on the first support substrate 10 in comparison with other surfactants.

As the cationic surfactant, a water-soluble surfactant containing an aminosilane component, an alkylammonium surfactant (e.g. cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, or cetyldimethylammonium bromide), or the like may be used. As the silane coupling agent included in the catalyst adsorption solution 14, hexamethyldisilazane may be used, for example. The immersion time may be about 1 to 15 minutes, for example.

The first support substrate 10 is removed from the catalyst adsorption solution 14 and washed with ultrapure water. After air-drying the first support substrate 10 at room temperature or removing water drops from the first support substrate 10 by spraying compressed air, the first support substrate 10 is dried in an oven at 90° C. to 120° C. for about 10 minutes to 1 hour. The release layer 24 (see FIG. 8) can be formed on the substrate 10 by the above steps. When the cationic surfactant is used, the surface potential in liquid of the first support substrate 10 is shifted toward the positive potential side in comparison with the surface potential before adsorption.

The resin section 22 c is partially removed by immersing the first support substrate 10 in the catalyst adsorption solution 14 to form a shape shown in FIG. 8. Specifically, the resin section 22 c is partially removed in such a manner that the outer portion in contact with the catalyst adsorption solution 14 is removed (shaved). The resin section 22 c is partially removed by dissolution when the catalyst adsorption solution 14 is an alkaline solution (e.g. 11 pH to 12 pH). Thus, the size of the resin section 22 c can be changed. The size of the resin section 22 c can be controlled by adjusting the immersion time of the first support substrate 10 in the catalyst adsorption solution 14 or the pH of the catalyst adsorption solution 14.

(4) A catalyst layer 31 is formed on the first support substrate 10. As shown in FIG. 9, the first support substrate 10 is immersed in a catalyst solution 30. The catalyst solution 30 includes a catalyst component which functions as a catalyst for electroless plating. For example, palladium may be used as the catalyst component.

The catalyst solution 30 may be prepared as follows, for example.

(4a) Palladium pellets with a purity of 99.99% are dissolved in a mixed solution of hydrochloric acid, a hydrogen peroxide solution, and water to prepare a palladium chloride solution with a palladium concentration of 0.1 to 0.5 g/l.

(4b) The palladium concentration of the palladium chloride solution is adjusted to 0.01 to 0.05 g/l by diluting the palladium chloride solution with water and a hydrogen peroxide solution.

(4c) The pH of the palladium chloride solution is adjusted to 4.5 to 6.8 using a sodium hydroxide aqueous solution or the like.

The first support substrate 10 may be washed with water after immersion in the catalyst solution 30. The first support substrate 10 may be washed with pure water. A catalyst residue can be prevented from being mixed into an electroless plating solution described later by washing the substrate 10 with water.

The catalyst layer 31 is formed by the above steps. As shown in FIG. 10, the catalyst layer 31 is formed on the top surface of the release layer 24 formed on the first support substrate 10 and the resin section 22.

(5) A metal layer 33 is formed on the substrate. The metal layer 33 is formed in the region where the catalyst layer 31 is formed. In more detail, the metal layer 33 may be deposited by immersing the first support substrate 10 in an electroless plating solution 36 including a metal, as shown in FIG. 11. The electroless plating solution 36 is preferably prepared so that plating particles deposited on the first support substrate 10 have average particle size of 20 nanometers to 50 nanometers. Such an electroless plating solution 36 may be prepared by changing the pH, temperature, preparation time, and the like. When the first support substrate 10 is immersed in the electroless plating solution 36 for a period of time equal to or longer than a predetermined period of time, the average particle size of the plating particles becomes greater than 50 nanometers. Therefore, it is preferable that the immersion time be equal to or less than the predetermined period of time.

The metal may be nickel, for example. The electroless plating solution 36 is classified into an electroless plating solution used in an acidic region and an electroless plating solution used in an alkaline region. As an example of the electroless plating solution 36, a solution used in an acidic region is applied. The electroless plating solution 36 includes the above metal, a reducing agent, a complexing agent, and the like. Specifically, the electroless plating solution 36 may be used which mainly includes nickel sulfate hexahydrate or nickel chloride hexahydrate and includes sodium hypophosphite as the reducing agent. For example, a nickel layer with a thickness of 20 nanometers to 100 nanometers may be formed by immersing the first support substrate 10 in an electroless plating solution (temperature: 70 to 80° C.) including nickel sulfate hexahydrate for about 10 seconds to 10 minutes.

The metal layer 33 can be formed on the top surface of the catalyst layer 31 on the first support substrate 10 in this manner, as shown in FIG. 12.

The first support substrate 10 may be washed with water after immersion in the electroless plating solution. The first support substrate 10 may be washed with pure water, steam, or pure water and steam. The first support substrate 10 may be dried by heating after washing with water. This improves the adhesion of the metal layer 33 to the first support substrate 10. A plated substrate 100 can be formed by the above steps, as shown in FIG. 12.

The plated substrate 100 is described below. The metal layer 33 of the plated substrate 100 is formed on the top surface and the side surface of the resin section 22. The resin section 22 can function as a core of the metal layer 33. The metal layer 33 may also be formed in the region other than the resin section 22 (i.e., the region other than the predetermined pattern). In the step for manufacturing the plated substrate 100 described above, the metal layer 33 on the top surface of the resin section 22 can be made thicker than the metal layer 33 in the region other than the predetermined pattern. The reasons therefor are described below.

In the step for manufacturing the plated substrate 100, the metal layer 33 is deposited by immersing the first support substrate 10 in the electroless plating solution 36. The metal layer 33 is formed by an electroless plating reaction. The electroless plating reaction is a reduction reaction between the reducing agent and metal ions in the electroless plating solution, in which the metal ions receive electrons from the reducing agent, whereby plating particles are deposited. Since the reaction is promoted by the catalyst included in the catalyst layer 31, the reaction mainly proceeds near the catalyst layer 31. Since metal ions exist as aggregates in the electroless plating solution, plating particles (i.e., aggregates of metal atoms) are deposited by the reduction reaction. The size of the metal ion aggregates can be controlled by the pH and the temperature of the electroless plating solution, the immersion time, and the like.

In this embodiment, the metal layer 33 can also be deposited in the region other than the resin section 22 (i.e., the region other than the predetermined pattern) since the plating particles in the electroless plating solution 36 are introduced into the region other than the resin section 22. The electroless plating solution 36 located on the top surface of the resin section 22 has a higher fluidity as compared with the electroless plating solution 36 located between the resin sections 22. Thus, the electroless plating solution 36 located near the top surface of the resin section 22 can maintain an almost constant metal ion concentration due to high fluidity, even if the metal ions are used for deposition. On the other hand, the metal ion concentration of the electroless plating solution 36 located between the resin sections 22 temporarily decreases after the metal ions are deposited as the metal layer 33, whereby the deposition rate of the metal layer 33 decreases. Therefore, the method of manufacturing the plated substrate 100 according to this embodiment can make the metal layer 33 on the top surface of the resin section 22 thicker than the metal layer 33 provided in the region other than the predetermined pattern.

(6) A second support substrate 110 is disposed on the plated substrate 100. As shown in FIG. 13, the second support substrate 110 is disposed on the first support substrate 10 so that the metal layer 33 is sandwiched therebetween. A spacer 112 is provided between the first support substrate 10 and the second support substrate 110. The spacer 112 is provided around the region in which the resin section 22 is formed. A resin material 114 a described below can be held on the first support substrate 10 by providing the spacer 112 in this manner.

The resin material 114 a in a fluid state is poured between the first support substrate 10 and the second support substrate 110. The resin material 114 a is preferably filled without spaces between the metal layer 33 and the second support substrate 110. A thermosetting resin, a thermoplastic resin, a photocurable resin, or the like may be used as the resin material 114 a. This embodiment illustrates the case of using a photocurable resin.

(7) The resin material 114 a is cured to form a resin substrate 114. In this embodiment, the resin material 114 a is cured by applying light. The resin substrate 114 is provided with the metal layer 33, the catalyst layer 31, the release layer 24, and the resin section 22 (see FIG. 14).

(8) The release layer 24 is decomposed. The release layer 24 is decomposed by immersing the first support substrate 10 and the release layer 24 in an alkaline solution, for example. The alkaline solution is not particularly limited as long as the alkaline solution is capable of dissolving the release layer 24. For example, the alkaline solution may be a sodium hydroxide solution. The release layer 24 may be decomposed by irradiating the release layer 24 with vacuum ultraviolet rays (VUV) using a vacuum ultraviolet lamp 118. An interatomic bond (e.g. C—C, C═C, C—H, C—F, C—Cl, C—O, C—N, C═O, O═O, O—H, H—F, H—Cl, and N—H) can be cut by setting the wavelength of vacuum ultraviolet rays 120 at 170 nanometers to 260 nanometers, for example. It becomes unnecessary to provide a yellow room or the like by using the above wavelength band, whereby a series of steps according to this embodiment may be performed under white light, for example.

The metal layer 33 can be removed from the first support substrate 10 by decomposing the release layer 24, as shown in FIG. 15. There may be a case where the resin section 22 is removed from the first support substrate 10. In such a case, the first element substrate 200 in which the metal layer 33 with a predetermined pattern is provided on the top surface of the resin substrate 114 may be formed by removing the resin section 22 by dry etching using oxygen, for example (see FIG. 16).

The first element substrate 200 is described below. The first element substrate 200 includes the resin substrate 114 and the metal layer 33. The metal layer 33 includes the catalyst layer 31 described above. The resin substrate 114 has holes 202. The planar shape of the hole 202 may be linear, specifically, stripe-shaped. The hole 202 is 40 nanometers to 1.0 micrometer in width and 20 nanometers to 300 nanometers in depth, for example. The hole 202 is provided with the metal layer 33. The metal layer 33 may also be formed in the region where the hole 202 is not formed. A recess 204 is formed in the top surface of the metal layer 33. The recess 204 is formed in the upper portion of the hole 202 and is smaller in width and depth than the hole 202, as shown in FIG. 16. The thickness of the metal layer 33 in the region where the hole 202 is not formed is smaller than that of the metal layer 33 in the region where the hole 202 is formed.

(9) The metal layer 33 may be partially removed by polishing the top surface of the first element substrate 200. The part of the metal layer 33 to be removed may be the upper portion of the metal layer 33 (e.g., the metal layer 33 formed outside the hole 202). The metal layer 33 may be polished by chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), for example. A metal layer 34 can be disconnected from the adjacent metal layer 34 by polishing the top surface of the first element substrate 200 in this manner.

The second element substrate 300 can be formed by the above steps. The second element substrate 300 includes the resin substrate 114 and the metal layer 34. The metal layer 34 differs from the metal layer 33 described above in that the metal layer 34 is disconnected from the adjacent metal layer 34. Since the metal layer 34 is formed only inside the hole 202 in an embedded state, the adjacent metal layers 34 are prevented from coming in contact with each other when the second element substrate 300 is bent.

The metal layer 34 has a predetermined pattern. The predetermined pattern may be a one-dimensional or two-dimensional periodic pattern, for example. Since the second element substrate 300 has the predetermined pattern on the optically-transparent substrate, the second element substrate 300 can function as an optical element substrate such as a polarizer. The second element substrate 300 may have a one-dimensional periodic pattern (striped pattern) in which linear metal layers with a predetermined width are provided repeatedly at uniform intervals. When the width in the periodic direction is equal to or less than the wavelength of visible light and the resin substrate 114 is formed of an optically-transparent substrate, the second element substrate 300 can function as a polarizer.

In the element substrate formed by the manufacturing method described above, the hole 202 may have a width a of 40 nanometers to 1 micrometer and a depth b of 20 nanometers to 300 nanometers. Specifically, the metal layer 34 provided in the hole 202 may have a width of 40 nanometers to 1 micrometer and a depth b of 20 nanometers to 300 nanometers. The recess 204 is formed in the surface of the metal layer 34. The recess 204 is formed in the upper portion of the hole 202 and is smaller in width and depth than the hole 202, as shown in FIG. 16.

2. Electronic Device

FIG. 18 shows an example of an electronic device to which the second element substrate manufactured by the method of manufacturing an element substrate according to this embodiment is applied. In the case where the first support substrate 10 is an insulating substrate, the second element substrate 300 can function as a wiring board. An electronic device 1000 includes the second element substrate 300 as the wiring board, an integrated circuit chip 90, and another substrate 92.

The wiring pattern formed on the second element substrate 300 may be used to electrically connect electronic parts. The second element substrate 300 is manufactured by the manufacturing method described above. In the example shown in FIG. 18, the integrated circuit chip 90 is electrically connected with the second element substrate 300, and one end of the second element substrate 300 is electrically connected with the other substrate 92 (e.g. display panel). The electronic device 1000 may be a display device such as a liquid crystal display device, a plasma display device, or an electroluminescent (EL) display device.

The second element substrate 300 as an optical element substrate may function as a polarizer for a liquid crystal display device, a projector device, and the like.

The invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments. Various modifications and variations can be made.

For example, the resin section 22 is formed by reshaping the resin section 22 c by immersing the first support substrate 10 in the catalyst adsorption solution 14 in the step (3) described above. However, the first support substrate 10 may be immersed in an alkaline solution before the step (3) (i.e., before immersing the first support substrate 10 in the catalyst adsorption solution 14). Accordingly, the release layer 24 can be formed after forming the resin section 22 with a desired shape, whereby a fine pattern can be formed with higher accuracy.

In the step (5) described above, the metal layer 33 is formed on the resin section 22. Alternatively, the metal layer 33 may be formed in the region where the resin section 22 is not formed. Specifically, the release layer 24 and the catalyst layer 31 are provided in a manner described above after forming the resin section 22 c, and the resin section 22 c is removed. Accordingly, the catalyst layer 31 is formed only in the regions where the resin section 22 c is not formed. The first support substrate 10 is then immersed in the electroless plating solution. The metal layer 33 can be formed on the top surface (in the regions where the resin section 22 is not formed) of the catalyst layer 31 by the above steps. Since the subsequent steps are the same as those described above, description thereof is omitted.

The invention includes various other configurations substantially the same as the configurations described in the embodiments (in function, method and result, or in objective and result, for example). The invention also includes a configuration in which an unsubstantial portion in the described embodiments is replaced. The invention also includes a configuration having the same effects as the configurations described in the embodiments, or a configuration able to achieve the same objective. Further, the invention includes a configuration in which a publicly known technique is added to the configurations in the embodiments.

Although only some embodiments of this invention have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the invention. 

1. An element substrate comprising: a resin substrate having a hole in a top surface; and a metal layer formed in the hole; the hole having a width of 40 nanometers to 1 micrometer and a depth of 20 nanometers to 120 nanometers.
 2. The element substrate as defined in claim 1, wherein a recess is formed in a top surface of the metal layer.
 3. A method of manufacturing an element substrate comprising: (a) forming a release layer on a first support substrate; (b) forming a metal layer having a predetermined pattern on the release layer; (c) disposing a second support substrate on the first support substrate so that the metal layer is interposed between the first and second support substrates; (d) pouring a resin material in a fluid state between the first and second support substrates; (e) curing the resin material to form a resin substrate; and (f) removing the metal layer from the first support substrate by decomposing the release layer to transfer the metal layer to the resin substrate.
 4. The method of manufacturing an element substrate as defined in claim 3, further comprising: polishing a surface of the resin substrate to which the metal layer is transferred after the step (f).
 5. The method of manufacturing an element substrate as defined in claim 3, wherein the metal layer is formed by electroless plating in the step (b).
 6. The method of manufacturing an element substrate as defined in claim 5, wherein the first support substrate is immersed in a surfactant solution in the step (a) to form a surfactant layer as the release layer; and wherein the step (b) includes: forming a catalyst layer on the release layer by immersing the first support substrate in a catalyst solution; and depositing a metal layer on the catalyst layer by immersing the first support substrate in an electroless plating solution.
 7. The method of manufacturing an element substrate as defined in claim 6, further comprising: (g) forming a resin section having the same predetermined pattern as the metal layer has on the first support substrate before the step (a); wherein the release layer is formed on the resin section in the step (a).
 8. The method of manufacturing an element substrate as defined in claim 7, wherein the step (g) includes: applying a resin material in a fluid state to the first support substrate; pressing a nanostamper having a predetermined recessed pattern against the first support substrate to transfer the predetermined recessed pattern to the resin material; and curing the resin material.
 9. The method of manufacturing an element substrate as defined in claim 8, wherein an upper portion of the cured resin material and a portion of the cured resin material not having the transferred predetermined pattern are removed by ashing between the steps (g) and (a).
 10. The method of manufacturing an element substrate as defined in claim 7, wherein the resin section includes a photoresist; and wherein the resin section is formed by an interference exposure method in the step (g).
 11. The method of manufacturing an element substrate as defined in claim 7, further comprising: removing part of the resin section by immersing the first support substrate in an alkaline solution. 